1. Callus is a collection of unorganized cells produced by dedifferentiation on explants

2. Ectopic Blastemas and accessory limbs express the same marker genes for dedifferentiation and regeneration as do amputation-induced Blastemas

3. The change of protein, RNA, DNA and starch contents during the explants dedifferentiation and callus formation of the Vanilla planifonia is reported.

4. Chondrocyte dedifferentiation and osteoarthritis (OA) Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterized by progressive cartilage degradation but also synovial membrane inflammation, osteophyte formation and subchondral bone sclerosis.

5. Processes of dedifferentiation are characterized ultrastructurally by a decrease of the tonofilament system, increase of simple desmosomes, amoeboid transformation of cell surfaces with increasing interdentation as in glandular epithelia and also by partial separation of basal cells from the basement membrane.